Metabolomics combined with multivariate statistical analysis for screening of chemical markers between gentiana scabra and gentiana rigescens

Abstract

Gentianae Radix et Rhizome (Longdan in Chinese, GRR) in Chinese Pharmacopoeia is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Gentiana scabra and G. rigescens, that have long been used for heat-clearing and damp-drying in the medicinal history of China. However, the characterization of the chemical components of two species and the screening of chemical markers still remain unsolved. In current research, the identification and characterization of chemical components of two species was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the chemical markers of two species were screened based on metabolomics and multivariate statistical analysis. In total, 87 chemical constituents were characterized in G. scabra (65 chemical constituents) and G. rigescens (51 chemical constituents), with 29 common chemical constituents being discovered. Thereafter, 11 differential characteristic components which could differentiate the two species were designated with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest (RF) iterative modeling. Finally, seven characteristic components identified as (+)-syringaresinol, lutonarin, trifloroside, 4-O-β-d-glu-trifloroside, 4”-O-β-d-glucopyranosy1-60-O-(4-O-β-d-glucaffeoyl)-linearroside, macrophylloside a and scabraside were selected as the chemical markers for the recognition of two Gentiana species. It was implied that the results could distinguish the GRR derived from different botanical sources, and also be beneficial in the rational clinical use of GRR.