Optics and Utility of Low-Cost Smartphone-Based Portable Digital Fundus Camera System for Screening of Retinal Diseases

Abstract

Purpose: To describe optical principles and utility of inexpensive, portable, non-contact digital smartphone-based camera for the acquisition of fundus photographs for the evaluation of retinal disorders. Methods: The digital camera has a high-quality glass 25 D condensing lens attached to a 21.4-megapixel smartphone camera. The white-emitting LED light of the smartphone at low illumination levels is used to visualize the fundus and limit source reflection. The camera captures a high-definition fundus (5344 × 4016) image on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMO) with an area of 6.3 mm × 4.5 mm. The auto-acquisition mode of the device facilitates the quick capture of the image from continuous video streaming in a fraction of a second. Results: This new smartphone-based camera provides high-resolution digital images of the retina (50◦ telescopic view) in patients at a fraction of the cost (USD 1000) of established, non-transportable, office-based fundus photography systems. Conclusions: The portable user-friendly smartphone-based digital camera is a useful alternative for the acquisition of fundus photographs and provides a tool for screening retinal diseases in various clinical settings such as primary care clinics or emergency rooms. The ease of acquisition of photographs from a continuously streaming video of fundus obviates the need for a skilled photographer.