Histidinyl radical formation in the self-peroxidation reaction of bovine copper-zinc superoxide dismutase

Abstract

In the absence of suitable oxidizable substrates, the peroxidase reaction of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) oxidizes SOD itself, ultimately resulting in its inactivation. A SOD-centered free radical adduct of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP) was detected upon incubation of SOD with the spin trap and a hydroperoxide (either H2O2 or peracetic acid). Proteolysis by Pronase converted the anisotropic electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of MNP/SOD to a nearly isotropic spectrum with resolved hyperfine couplings to several atoms with non-zero nuclear spin. Authentic histidinyl radical (from histidine + HO.) formed a MNP adduct with a very similar EPR spectrum to that of the Pronase-treated MNP/SOD, suggesting that the latter was centered on a histidine residue. An additional hyperfine coupling was detected when histidine specifically 13C-labeled at C-2 of the imidazole ring was used, providing evidence for trapping at that atom. All of the experimental spectra were convincingly simulated assuming hyperfine couplings to 2 nearly equivalent nitrogen atoms and 2 different protons, also consistent with trapping at C-2 of the imidazole ring. Free histidinyl radical consumed oxygen, implying peroxyl radical formation. MNP-inhibitable oxygen consumption was also observed when cuprous SOD but not cupric SOD was added to a H2O2 solution. Formation of 2-oxohistidine, the stable product of the SOD-hydroperoxide reaction, required oxygen and was inhibited by MNP. These results support formation of a transient SOD-peroxyl radical.