3D Vr vs. 2D screen in touchless gesture-interaction: a multi-group SEM study on system/service quality, flow, satisfaction, and usage intention

Abstract

Touchless gesture interaction is an emerging human-computer interaction method, which has been found to potentially have a negative impact on users' interaction experience in some experimental environments. Existing research often focuses on system performance, neglecting how users' perceptions affect their satisfaction and usage intention. To address this, we conducted a scenario-based experiment guided by the ISSM model and flow theory. Subjective questionnaire data were collected from participants, yielding 301 valid responses analyzed using PLS-SEM. Results indicated that, compared to system quality, the service quality dimension of touchless gesture interaction had a more significant positive impact on users’ flow experience and satisfaction. Additionally, the study compared path differences between two interface types (2D screen-based and 3D VR-based). No significant differences were found in the hypothesized relationships for either interface type. These findings offer practical implications for optimizing touchless gesture interaction systems and contribute a new theoretical perspective.