Preparation of uniform-sized and dual stimuli-responsive microspheres of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/poly(acrylic acid) with semi-IPN structure by one-step method

Abstract

A novel strategy was developed to synthesize uniform semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) microspheres by premix membrane emulsification combined with one-step polymerization. Synthesized poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) polymer chains were added prior to the inner water phase, which contained N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) monomer, N,N1-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) cross-linker, and ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator. The mixtures were pressed through a microporous membrane to form a uniform water-in-oil emulsion. By crosslinking the NIPAM in a PAAc-containing solution, microspheres with temperature- and pH-responsive properties were fabricated. The semi-IPN structure and morphology of the microspheres were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average diameter of the obtained microspheres was approximately 6.5 μm, with Span values of less than 1. Stimuli-responsive behaviors of the microspheres were studied by the cloud-point method. The results demonstrated that semi-IPN microspheres could respond independently to both pH and temperature changes. After storing in a PBS solution (pH 7.0) at 4 °C for 6 months, the semi-IPN microspheres remained stable without a change in morphology or particle size. This study demonstrated a promising method for controlling the synthesis of semi-IPN structure microspheres with a uniform size and multiple functionalities.