Oral Bioavailability of Creatine Supplements: Insights into Mechanism and Implications for Improved Absorption

Abstract

Creatine supplements have a long history of use for improving muscle performance. While there are a number of studies that document the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength and performance, there are relatively few studies examining oral bioavailability. Despite early studies suggesting nearly complete oral absorption of creatine monohydrate, there are a number of reasons to suggest creatine absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is far from complete and that significant improvements in bioavailability can be obtained. This review examines the mechanisms controlling creatine absorption in the intestine and the implications for improving the bioavailability of creatine supplements. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.