Geophysical methods in graphite exploration: A review

Abstract

Graphite, with its unique thermal, electrical, and chemical properties, is crucial for technologies like energy storage and advanced materials. However, exploring graphite deposits is challenging due to the variability in crystallinity, purity, and distribution within host rocks, which complicates geophysical data interpretation. This study reviews 20 articles on geophysical methods for graphite exploration, analyzing their advantages and limitations, in addition to incorporating insights from 53 other articles to support discussions on graphite properties and geophysical techniques. Electrical methods, such as resistivity and induced polarization, effectively delineate mineralized zones but are constrained by limited spatial coverage. In contrast, magnetic and electromagnetic techniques provide broader survey coverage and greater cost-efficiency, making them valuable for regional exploration, despite their lower resolution in distinguishing graphite from other mine-rals. Effective exploration requires integrating regional geological surveys with high-resolution investigations by academia and industry. Understanding the geophysical signatures of different graphite deposit types — like lump, flake, and amorphous graphite — is essential for refining exploration strategies and improving discovery rates. By combining large-scale data with focused studies, exploration efforts can be optimized, enhancing the identification and assessment of graphite resources.