Experimental design of vortex assisted switchable solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of four pesticides in wastewater

Abstract

Background: Pesticides are chemicals used mainly to protect plant crops in order to increase their production efficiency and quality. Objective: Switchable-solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction was optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design and validated on a gas chromatography mass spectrometry system for the determination of analytes. Method: The significance of independent variables (switchable solvent volume, sodium hydroxide volume, and vortex period) and their interactions were evaluated by analysis of variance at 95% confidence limits (a ¼ 0.05). Results: The LOD and LOQ ranges of the analytes were found to be 0.42–1.90 mg/L and 1.36–6.33 mg/L, respectively. Percentage recovery results were found to be in the range of 87–113% in spiking experiments. Conclusions: A simple, efficient, and accurate analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the selected pesticides. Highlights: Matrix matching was used to enhance quantification accuracy for real samples. Highlights: Matrix matching was used to enhance quantification accuracy for real samples.