Comparative direct electrophysiological effects of propofol on the conduction system and ionic channels of rabbit hearts

Abstract

1. Propofol, an intravenous anaesthetic agent, can affect cardiac conduction but the ionic mechanisms have not been well defined. 2. This study measured the direct effects of propofol on the cardiac conduction system by using intracardiac recording/stimulation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. The underlying ionic mechanism was elucidated by using the whole-cell voltage clamp on rabbit isolated atrial and ventricular myocytes. 3. Propofol prolonged significantly the AV conduction (AH) interval at a clinically relevant concentration (3 μM). This AH interval prolongation was dose-dependent (3 to 100 μM). At higher concentrations, the AV nodal Wenckebach cycle length and its refractory period were also prolonged (10 to 100 μM). In addition, the conduction through the His-Purkinje system (HV interval) and the atrial tissue (SA interval), as well as the spontaneous cycle length, were lengthened dose-dependently (30 to 100 μM). 4. In isolated ventricular myocytes, Na current was decreased dose-dependently by propofol. In part this was due to a negative-shift of the steady-state voltage-dependent inactivation and a slowed rate of recovery from inactivation. The I(Na) suppression by propofol was frequency-dependent. Propofol also blocked the I(Ca). The ED50 for peak current inhibition was 6.9 ± 0.9 (n = 6) and 8.3 ± 1.5 μM (n = 7) for I(Na) and I(Ca), respectively. 5. The transient outward potassium current (I(to)) of atrial myocytes was suppressed with an ED50 of 5.7 ± 0.8 μM (n = 11), which was only partly caused by a left-shift of the steady-state inactivation. The inward rectifier K current (I(KI)) of the ventricular cells was reduced somewhat by propofol. 6. In summary, propofol can cause direct dromotropic and chronotropic effects on the cardiac conduction system, especially the atrioventricular node. These changes can be attributed, at least in part, to its direct dose-dependent suppression of the cardiac I(Ca), I(Na) and I(to). Special concerns in the use of propofol anaesthesia for cardiac patients and the therapeutic antiarrythmic potential of propofol-like compounds are addressed.