Synthesis and application of carbonated fatty acid esters from carbon dioxide including a life cycle analysis

Abstract

Carbon dioxide can be used in various ways as a cheap C1 source. However, the utilization of CO2 requires energy or energy-rich reagents, which leads to further emissions, and therefore, diminishes the CO2-saving potential. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) is required for each process that uses CO2 to provide valid data for CO2 savings. Carbon dioxide can be incorporated into epoxidized fatty acid esters to provide the corresponding carbonates. A robust catalytic process was developed based on simple halide salts in combination with a phase-transfer catalyst. The CO 2-saving potential was determined by comparing the carbonates as a plasticizer with an established phthalate-based plasticizer. Although CO 2 savings of up to 80 % were achieved, most of the savings arose from indirect effects and not from CO2 utilization. Furthermore, other categories have been analyzed in the LCA. The use of biobased material has a variety of impacts on categories such as eutrophication and marine toxicity. Therefore, the benefits of biobased materials have to be evaluated carefully for each case. Finally, interesting properties as plasticizers were obtained with the carbonates. The volatility and water extraction could be improved relative to the epoxidized system. Softening CO2: CO2 is used in combination with epoxidized fatty acid esters to synthesize new polyvinyl chloride plasticizers. A life cycle analysis study shows CO2 saving compared with the benchmark diisononyl phthalate; this mostly results from the use of biomass and not from the utilization of CO2. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.