Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) in Enhancing Speaking Performance among English as Second Language (ESL) Learners: A Critical Review

Abstract

In this review, the authors critically examined the potential of Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) in enhancing student’s speaking performance among English as Second Language (ESL) learners. Specifically, the cooperative language learning concept that emerged in the 2000s, including procedures of implementing STAD and teaching speaking through STAD, were discussed. The authors examined conceptualizations of this model as well as related research. This review aimed to improve our understanding of STAD in enhancing speaking performance as well as teamwork satisfaction among ESL learners, provide a comprehensive discussion of current discourse, and offer major directions for future research.