Correlates of Anxiety and Depression Among Youth in India: Findings from a Large-Scale Population-Based Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Anxiety and depression are major public health concerns due to their high prevalence and associated suffering, dysfunction, and socioeconomic impact, particularly among young individuals. Identifying factors associated with anxiety and depression is crucial for the prevention and promotion of mental health in youth. The present analysis aims to identify factors associated with anxiety and depression among youth, based on a youth health survey undertaken in Kolar district, India. Study Design: This study employed a cross-sectional design. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the Kolar Youth Health Survey, which collected data on various health-related behaviors and conditions from 5,072 youth (aged 15–30 years). Anxiety and depression were screened using standardized tools (GAD-7 and PHQ-9, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify associated factors. The model’s goodness of fit was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the area under the curve. Results: Socio-demographic characteristics (marital status, taluka, age), self-reported diagnosed health conditions, sleep issues, suicide and non-suicidal self-harm, tobacco dependence, time spent on phone/computer, family relationships (loving/affectionate relationships vs. serious conflicts), friendships, belief in God, and injury (physical violence, road traffic injuries) were significantly associated with anxiety and/or depression among youth in the study area. Conclusion: Selected sociodemographic characteristics, health-impacting behaviors, and health issues were found to be significantly associated with anxiety and/or depression among youth. Considering these risk factors will enable health care providers and policymakers to develop and implement tailored interventions.