Manipulating Interphase Chemistry by Endogenous Doping Toward High-Performance Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Based on the Maillard reaction principle, an endogenous doping strategy was developed to induce the formation of a rich-inorganic solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on a hard carbon anode. The hard carbon anode with inorganic-enriched SEI layer delivers enhanced rate, high initial coulombic efficiency and stable cycling performance. The assembled full cell with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode exhibits excellent cycling stability over 700 cycles, achieving a capacity retention of 89.2% at 1 C with an N/P ratio of 1.12.