Stochastically modulated inter-pulse intervals to increase the efficiency of functional electrical stimulation cycling

Abstract

Introduction: Functional electrical stimulation cycling has various health benefits, but the mechanical power output and efficiency are very low compared to volitional muscle activation. Stimulation with variable frequency showed significantly higher power output values in experiments with a knee dynamometer. The aim of the present work was to compare stochastic modulation of inter-pulse interval to constant inter-pulse interval stimulation during functional electrical stimulation cycling. Methods: Seventeen able-bodied subjects participated (n ¼ 17). Quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups were stimu-lated with two activation patterns: P1-constant frequency, P2-stochastic inter-pulse interval. Power output was measured on functional electrical stimulation ergometer. Results: Overall, mean power output with the stochastically modulated pattern P2 was lower than with P1 (12.57 AE 3.74 W vs. 11.44 AE 3.81 W, P1 vs. P2, p ¼ 0.022), but no significant differences during the first 30 s and the last 30 s were observed. Conclusions: This study showed that stimulation strategies that use randomized modulation of inter-pulse intervals can negatively affect power output generation during functional electrical stimulation cycling. To minimise voluntary con-tractions, power measurement and assessment should be focused on the periods where only the quadriceps are stimulated.