Production and Storage of Hydrogen from Biomass and Other Sources: Technologies and Policies

Abstract

Hydrogen has emerged as a critical energy carrier for achieving global decarbonization and supporting a sustainable energy future. This review explores key advancements in hydrogen production technologies, including electrolysis, biomass gasification, and thermochemical processes, alongside innovations in storage methods like metal hydrides and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). Despite its promise, challenges such as high production costs, scalability issues, and safety concerns persist. Biomass gasification stands out for its dual benefits of waste management and carbon neutrality yet hurdles like feedstock variability and energy efficiency need further attention. This review also identifies opportunities for improvement, such as developing cost-effective catalysts and hybrid storage systems, while emphasizing future research on improving storage efficiency and tackling production bottlenecks. By addressing these challenges, hydrogen can play a central role in the global transition to cleaner energy systems.