Validity and Reliability of the H.E.A.T Module toward Self-Efficacy, Self-Assertiveness and Self-Esteem among Bullying Victims

Abstract

Bullying is a chronic issue in Malaysia that negatively affects bullying victim’s cognitive, behavior and emotional. Existing intervention often involved single aspects of recovery and lacking holistic integration. This study introduces the H.E.A.T Module, a psychoeducational intervention developed using Sidek’s Model and grounded in Rational Emotive Behavior Theraphy (REBT) The module focusing three construct self-efficacy, self-assertiveness and self-esteem to support bullying victims recovery. Content validity was assessed by six experts in counseling and psychology, while reliability was tested through a pilot study involving 40 secondary school, form one and form two student who had experienced bullying. Results showed high content validity module contents, with an overall score of 91.78%. Reliability analysis produced a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of .79, exceeding the acceptable for stability and consistency. These findings confirm that the H.E.A.T Module is both valid and reliable, providing a structured and theory-driven intervention with practical implications for school counseling practice and policy-level anti-bullying initiatives.