A Case-Control Study of Dietary Choline Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Modified by Dietary B-Vitamin Intake

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is rising, and Western diets high in red and processed meats may be contributing. It is important to identify dietary nutrients that increase CRC risk and perhaps interventions that may modulate such risk. The relationship between dietary choline intake and CRC is still unclear. We hypothesize that high dietary choline intake is associated with greater CRC risk, and B vitamin supplementation may modify this risk. Methods: In this case-control study, we collected demographic and dietary data using the validated National Cancer Institute CRC Risk Assessment Tool and Dietary Health Questionnaire III and analyzed colonoscopy outcomes. Logistic regression and stratified analyses were performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios and evaluate for effect modification. Results: Of 52 total patients, 21 had a normal colonoscopy result, and 31 were found to either have benign polyps or CRC. The average dietary choline intake was 207 mg/day in the normal group and 297 mg/day in the abnormal outcome group. A doubling in dietary choline intake was significantly associated with increased odds of polyps or CRC (OR 25.32, 95% CI 1.95–327.94). When stratified by vitamin B levels, the effect modification was difficult to confidently quantify due to the limited sample size. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that higher dietary choline intake may be associated with an increased risk of CRC and its precursors, such as polyps. Although the potential modifying role of B vitamins was inconclusive, this study underscores the need for larger-scale research to further explore these associations and to assess the potential of dietary interventions in reducing CRC risk.