Secondary metabolites production in clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Chemical compounds

Abstract

Background and Objective: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry) used in folk medicinal and traditional plant to treat various diseases. This plant is widely used and has commercial value because the content of secondary metabolite compounds. Differences in the compound content of the plant have contributed to the taxonomic position of the plant. There are many varieties of cloves, i.e., zanzibar, sikotok, siputik and raja. This research was aimed to analyze compounds of cloves var. zanzibar, sikotok, siputik, raja and their phylogenetic relationship. Materials and Methods: The material used leaves of Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Var. zanzibar, sikotok, siputik and raja was taken from the plantation of Negeri Lima, Maluku, Indonesia. Extraction using maceration method with n-hexane pro-analysis solvent. Chemical compounds were determined by using GC-MS. GC-MS data from 4 varieties of clove plants were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software using cluster analysis based on UPGMA method (unweighted paired group method with arithmetic mean). Results: Varieties zanzibar contained 5 compounds, i.e., eugenol (70.43%), β-caryophyllene (16.79%), α-humulene (3.05%), caryophyllene oxide (2.07%), tetratetracontane (3.12%). Var. raja compounds consisted of 77.24% eugenol, 16.15% β-caryophyllene, 1.52% α-humulene, 5.08% caryophyllene oxide. Var. sikotok consisted of 16.50% β-isoprophylideneglycerol, 48.33% eugenol, 28.80% β-caryophyllene, 2.97% α-humulene, 3.40% caryophyllene oxide. Var. siputik consisted of 80.15% eugenol, 13.44% β-caryophyllene, 1.50% α-humulene, 4.90% caryophyllene oxide. Similarity values are found in var. siputik and raja with a similarity index of 0.25 followed by zanzibar with siputik 11.9 and zanzibar with sikotok 14.34. Conclusion: The highest compound content is 80.15% eugenol found in var. siputik followed by 28.80% β-caryophyllene compound in var.sikotok, α-humulene compound 3.05% in var.zanzibar and 5.08% caryophyllene oxide compound in var.raja.