Hybrid Pulmonary Rehabilitation Improves Cardiorespiratory Exercise Fitness in Formerly Hospitalised Long COVID Patients

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Supervised pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness in non-hospitalised individuals with long COVID. However, there is limited evidence regarding PR-induced improvements in cardiorespiratory parameters in previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a hybrid PR programme (outpatient followed by a digital intervention) on exercise tolerance, cardiorespiratory adaptations, functional capacity and quality of life outcomes in previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors. Methods: Forty-two patients (age (mean ± SD): 57 ± 12 yrs) with excessive fatigue due to long COVID (FACIT score (26 ± 10) were allocated to PR (n = 27) or usual care (UC) (n = 15) 140 ± 75 days from hospital discharge. PR consisted of 8 outpatient sessions (twice weekly for 4 weeks) followed by 24 home-based sessions (3 times/week for 8 weeks). Patients in the UC group were instructed to be physically active. Exercise tolerance was assessed by cardiopulmonary cycling testing to the limit of tolerance. Results: Following the completion of the hybrid PR programme, peak work rate (WRpeak) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were, respectively, improved in the PR group by 19 ± 10 Watt (p = 0.001) and by 2.4 ± 3.0 mL/kg/min (p = 0.001). Furthermore, in the PR group, the 6 min walk distance was increased by 72 ± 69 metres (p = 0.001). FACIT and mMRC scores were also improved in the PR group by 15 ± 10 (p = 0.001) and by 1.4 ± 1.0 (p = 0.001), respectively. In the UC group, only the mMRC score was improved by 0.7 ± 1.0 (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The application of a hybrid PR programme was beneficial in improving cardiorespiratory exercise fitness, functional capacity and quality of life in previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors.