Lower-Limb Range of Motion Predicts Sagittal Spinal Misalignments in Children: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to determine lower-limb range of motion (ROM) as a risk factor associated with sagittal spinal misalignments in children. Two hundred and one children (10.9 ± 0.7 years old) from five different primary schools were recruited for this retrospective case—control study. Anthropometric variables, sagittal spinal alignment in habitual everyday postures, and lower-limb ROM, such as ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed (ADF-KF), hip extension with the knee relaxed (HE), and hip flexion with the knee extended (HF-KE) were measured. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed differences between the means of HE and HF-KE ROM, and the thoracic and lumbar curves (p ≤ 0.034; η2 ≥ 0.052). The HE (p ≤ 0.028; OR ≥ 1.066) predicted sagittal thoracic misalignment in the slump sitting (SSP) and relaxed standing (RSP) postures in males and the sagittal lumbar misalignment in the RSP in female children; while HF-KE (p ≤ 0.006; OR ≥ 1.089) predicted sagittal thoracic misalignment in the maximum trunk forward flexion posture (MTFP) and sagittal lumbar misalignment in SSP and MTFP in males. In this study, the reference values for restricted HE and HF-KE were significantly associated with sagittal spinal misalignment in male children but not for the ankle ROM. Physical education teachers should include stretching exercises in the ISQUIOS programme to increase the extensibility of the iliopsoas (HE) and hamstrings (HF-KE) and prevent sagittal spinal misalignments in habitual everyday postures.