Ivy Oracle: A Robust and Time-Trustworthy Data Feed Framework for Smart Contracts

Abstract

Smart contracts rely on blockchain oracles to access off-chain data, yet existing oracle designs often face challenges such as untrustworthy data sources, weak temporal guarantees, and limited verifiability. This work presents Ivy Oracle, a robust and time-trustworthy data feed framework that enhances the reliability and auditability of off-chain information for smart contracts. Ivy Oracle integrates trusted execution environments (TEEs) for secure data acquisition, an external time server for authenticated timestamps, and a PageRank-based trust model to evaluate source credibility. We implement and evaluate Ivy Oracle on the Ethereum Sepolia testnet, demonstrating that it achieves up to 63.6% lower on-chain gas consumption than Chainlink for signature verification while maintaining only a slight increase in communication overhead due to its dual-attestation mechanism. These results confirm that Ivy Oracle provides strong time trustworthiness and data reliability with minimal performance cost, making it suitable for latency-sensitive blockchain applications.