Native American Two Spirit and LGBTQ health: A systematic review of the literature

Abstract

Introduction: Two Spirit and Native LGBTQ people have unique health risks and cultural strengths. Method: This study analyzes 28 reports published since 1980 examining the health and identity–formation experiences of Two Spirit or Native LGBTQ individuals. Results: The majority (68%) of the articles focus on urban populations. Few employ a strengths-based approach. Less than half capture information about gender identity. Conclusion: Findings suggest that Two Spirit and Native LGBTQ individuals are underrepresented in current health research. Existing research prioritizes a disease-specific perspective. Future research focused on intersectional identity formation, connectedness, and culture as a protective factor is needed.