Are medical comorbidities contributing to the use of opioid analgesics in patients with knee osteoarthritis?

Abstract

Background: Although opioid analgesics are not generally recommended for treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA), they are frequently used. We sought to determine the association between medical comorbidities and self-reported opioid analgesic use in these patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited patients referred to two provincial hip and knee clinics in Alberta, Canada for consideration of total knee arthroplasty. Standardized questionnaires assessed demographic (age, gender, income, education, social support, smoking status) and clinical (pain, function, total number of troublesome joints) characteristics, comorbid medical conditions, and non-surgical OA management participants had ever used or were currently using. Multivariable Poisson regression with robust estimate of the standard errors assessed the association between comorbid medical conditions and current opioid use, controlling for potential confounders. Results: 2,127 patients were included: mean age 65.4 (SD 9.1) years and 59.2% female. Currently used treatments for knee OA were: 57.6% exercise and/or physiotherapy, 61.1% NSAIDs, and 29.8% opioid analgesics. In multivariable regression, controlling for potential confounders, comorbid hypertension (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.37), gastrointestinal disease (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.07–1.60), depressed mood (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.05–1.48) and a higher number of troublesome joints (RR 1.04 per joint, 95% CI 1.00–1.09) were associated with opioid use, with no association found with having ever used recommended non-opioid pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatments. Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients with knee OA, of 12 comorbidities assessed, comorbid hypertension, gastrointestinal disease, and depressed mood were associated with current use of opioid analgesics, in addition to total burden of troublesome joints. Improved guidance on the management of painful OA in the setting of common comorbidities is warranted.