Diurnal cycle of salivary cortisol in older adult men and women with subjective complaints of memory deficits and/or depressive symptoms: Relation to cognitive functioning

Abstract

In populations of young and older adults, it has been shown that individuals may be categorized into one of three diurnal subgroups when salivary cortisol levels are assessed over a 2-day period and compared for their consistency across days: a typical subgroup, a flat subgroup, and an inconsistent subgroup. Interestingly, recent studies have reported that the typical subgroup represents the majority of the young and older adult population, a finding that is difficult to reconcile with previous studies showing increased cortisol levels in older adults with depression or cognitive impairments. In order to assess whether a typical diurnal cortisol profile is representative across different subgroups of older adults, we assessed diurnal cortisol cycle representation in a sample of older adults with subjective complaints of depression and/or memory problems. Furthermore, given the robust relationship between cortisol and cognitive function, the present study examined the association between the three diurnal subgroups and cognitive performance. Forty-two older individuals were recruited on the basis of reporting subjective complaints of either memory problems and/or depressive mood. Participants were asked to sample their saliva over a 2-day period and were then asked to undergo a neuropsychological evaluation that taps into short-term memory, declarative memory and language. The results showed that 69% of the sample presented a Flat cycle of salivary cortisol over a 2-day period while 19% presented an inconsistent pattern and 12% presented a typical pattern. Participants in the flat subgroup were significantly impaired on letter verbal fluency. Furthermore, a relationship was found between diurnal cortisol subgroup representation and subjective complaint profile. These findings show that older adults with complaints of memory problems and/or depressive symptoms do not present the typical profile of the diurnal cortisol cycle, and they provide a preliminary view of how diurnal cortisol profile relates to cognitive function during human aging. © 2006 UK Informa Ltd.