Rad52 and Ku bind to different DNA structures produced early in double-strand break repair

Abstract

DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by one of two main pathways, non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination. A competition for binding to DNA ends by Ku and Rad52, proteins required for non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination, respectively, has been proposed to determine the choice of repair pathway. In order to test this idea directly, we compared Ku and human Rad52 binding to different DNA substrates. However, we found no evidence that these proteins would compete for binding to the same broken DNA ends. Ku bound preferentially to DNA with free ends. Under the same conditions, Rad52 did not bind preferentially to DNA ends. Using a series of defined substrates we showed that it is single-stranded DNA and not DNA ends that were preferentially bound by Rad52. In addition, Rad52 aggregated DNA, bringing different single-stranded DNAs in close proximity. This activity was independent of the presence of DNA ends and of the ability of the single-stranded sequences to form extensive base pairs. Based on these DNA binding characteristics it is unlikely that Rad52 and Ku compete as 'gatekeepers' of different DNA double-strand break repair pathways. Rather, they interact with different DNA substrates produced early in DNA double-strand break repair.