The most frequently used tests for assessing executive functions in aging

Abstract

There are numerous neuropsychological tests for assessing executive functions in aging, which vary according to the different domains assessed. Objective: To present a systematic review of the most frequently used instruments for assessing executive functions in older adults with different educational levels in clinical and experimental research. Methods: We searched for articles published in the last fve years, using the PubMed database with the following terms: “neuropsychological tests”, “executive functions”, and “mild cognitive impairment”. There was no language restriction. Results: 25 articles fulflled all the inclusion criteria. The seven neuropsychological tests most frequently used to evaluate executive functions in aging were: [1] Trail Making Test (TMT) Form B; [2] Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) - F, A and S; [3] VFT Animals category; [4] Clock Drawing Test (CDT); [5] Digits Forward and Backward subtests (WAIS-R or WAIS-III); [6] Stroop Test; and [7] Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and its variants. The domains of executive functions most frequently assessed were: mental fexibility, verbal fuency, planning, working memory, and inhibitory control. Conclusion: The study identified the tests and domains of executive functions most frequently used in the last fve years by research groups worldwide to evaluate older adults. These results can direct future research and help build evaluation protocols for assessing executive functions, taking into account the different educational levels and socio-demographic profles of older adults in Brazil.