Nutrient deficiency and physical inactivity in middle-aged adults with dynapenia and metabolic syndrome: results from a nationwide survey

Abstract

Background: This study examined the associations between dynapenia, metabolic syndrome (MetS), nutrient intake, and physical activity. Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional study that included middle-aged men and women (40–64 years old) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) between 2014 and 2017. Patients (n = 4700) were categorized into four groups based on diagnosis of dynapenia and MetS: dynapenic MetS (DM), dynapenia alone (D), MetS alone (M), and non-dynapenia and non-MetS (NDNM). Dynapenia was defined as the lowest tertile of the BMI-adjusted handgrip strength. MetS was defined as central obesity plus two or more of the following features: elevated fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, or triglycerides, or reduced HDL cholesterol. Nutrient intake and physical activity were assessed via questionnaires. Results: In women, the DM group had a significantly lower intake of all nutrients except for total energy and carbohydrates compared to the NDNM group. In a model adjusted for age, osteoarthritis, and total energy intake, the DM group showed higher odds ratios (ORs) for not practicing resistance training (men: OR (95% confidence intervals (CI)) = 1.64 (1.22–2.20); women: OR (95% CI) = 2.26 (1.59–3.21)) and for engaging in physical activities below 600 metabolic equivalents of tasks per week (men: OR (95% CI) = 1.36 (1.05–1.78); women: OR (95% CI) = 1.29 (1.02–1.63)) than the NDNM group. The women in the DM group had significantly higher OR for leisure-related moderate (OR (95% CI) = 2.00 (1.49–2.68)) and vigorous (OR (95% CI) = 1.76 (1.10–2.82)) physical inactivity than in the NDNM group. Conclusions: This study showed that the combination of dynapenia and MetS was associated with poor nutrient intake in women and low physical activity in both sexes. These findings provide a foundation for developing intervention strategies to address dynapenia and MetS.