Toward Reading Success in Vulnerable Contexts: Psycholinguistic Precursors and the Simple View of Reading

Abstract

In a low-reading-achievement context, this study examines the applicability of the Simple View of Reading in the Dominican Republic, a Spanish-speaking country, assessing elementary students across the first seven years of formal schooling, and it investigates the contribution of key psycholinguistic precursors to decoding fluency and reading comprehension across public and private schools. Structural equation models were estimated for a sample of 1168 Dominican students across three grade-level clusters and for each educational subsystem (public vs. private). Model fit indices support the adequacy of the proposed latent structure. Our findings reveal that decoding emerges as the primary predictor of reading comprehension in the early grades, whereas language comprehension becomes increasingly influential in later grades—although this shift appears to occur later than reported in other contexts, particularly within public schools. Moreover, phonological awareness contributes persistently to decoding (even in 6th–7th), supporting the hypothesis of delayed decoding automatization, which could account for the reading-comprehension difficulties identified in international assessments. Socioeconomic position exhibits a decreasing effect on reading comprehension as students’ progress through school, although it remains significant at all grades. These findings highlight the need for educational policy approaches that accelerate decoding automatization to free cognitive resources for comprehension processes, emphasizing effective phonological-awareness training and explicit, systematic literacy instruction.