Impact of two diammonium cations on the structure and photophysics of layered Sn-based perovskites

Abstract

Layered metal-halide perovskites have shown great promise for applications in optoelectronic devices, where a large number of suitable organic cations give the opportunity to tune their structural and optical properties. However, especially for Sn-based perovskites, a detailed understanding of the impact of the cation on the crystalline structure is still missing. By employing two cations, 2,2′-oxybis(ethylammonium) (OBE) and 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylammonium) (EDBE), we obtain a planar 〈100〉 and a corrugated 〈110〉-oriented perovskite, respectively, where the hydrogen bonding between the EDBE cations stabilises the corrugated structure. OBESnI4 exhibits a relatively narrow band gap and photoluminescence bands compared to EDBESnI4. In-depth analysis shows that the markedly different optical properties of the two compounds have an extrinsic origin. Interestingly, thin films of OBESnI4 can be obtained both in black and red colours. This effect is attributed to a second crystalline phase that can be obtained by processing the thin films at 100 °C. Our work highlights that the design of the crystal structure as obtained by ligand chemistry can be used to obtain the desired optical properties, whereas thin film engineering can result in multiple crystalline phases unique to Sn-based perovskites.