Challenges in Processing Plant Proteins Using Electrospinning

Abstract

The rising demand for sustainable, plant-based proteins has accelerated the development of advanced processing technologies to enhance their functionality and applicability. Among these, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques—particularly electrospinning have emerged as promising tools for structuring plant proteins into nanofibers with tailored physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electrospinning as applied to plant proteins, focusing on its principles, challenges, and recent advancements. The unique structural complexities of plant proteins, such as limited solubility, low chain entanglement, and globular conformations, hinder their direct electrospinnability. To address these limitations, several strategies have been explored, including the use of solvents to unfold protein structures, incorporation of carrier polymers to enhance molecular entanglements, addition of surfactants to lower surface tension, and various denaturation methods ranging from thermal and pH treatments to green technologies like high hydrostatic pressure and ultrasound. Furthermore, synergistic approaches combining these techniques have demonstrated improved fiber formation and morphology. Despite promising laboratory-scale results, significant challenges remain regarding the scalability, reproducibility, and mechanical performance of electrospun plant protein fibers. Future research ought to focus on optimizing formulations and process parameters to enable large-scale production and expand their use in food, packaging, and biomedical applications.