Association Between Parental Education, Occupation, Income, Language Activity, and Language Proficiency in Children

Abstract

Background: Language proficiency should be mastered by children before school admision. The process of language development was affected by cognitive and neurologic maturity. Language proficiency determine communication foundation, social, and academic interaction. Children with retardation in language proficiency may encounter problem in the social and academic relationship. This study investigated the association between parental education, occupation, income, language activity, and language proficiency in children. Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Gondangrejo sub-district, Karanganyar, Central Java. A total sample of 102 children aged 4 to 5 years were selected for this study. The dependent variable was language proficiency. The independent variables were parental education, occupation, income, and language activity. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: Parental education •• senior high school (OR= 2.95; 95% CI= 1.03 to 8.39; p= 0.043), employed parents (OR= 3.45; 95% CI= 1.27 to 9.39; p= 0.015)IDPLO\\LQFRPHH••UHJLRQDOOPLQLPXPP wage (OR= 6.35; 95% CI= 2.02 to 19.93; p= 0.002), and intense language activity (OR= 4.32; 95% CI= 1.61 to 11.51; p= 0.003) were associated with better language proficiency. Conclusion: 3DUHQWDOOHGXFDWLRQQ••VHQLRUUKLJKKVFKRROOOHPSOR\HGGSDUHQWVVVIDPLO\\LQFRPHH••UHJLRQDOO minimum wage, and intense language activity are associated with better language proficiency.