Clinical variables associated with major adverse cardiac events following radical cystectomy

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the association between major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and clinical factors of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis using the 2015–2020 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was performed on patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer. MACE was defined as any report of cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, or thromboembolic events (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis). A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was conducted to identify clinical predictors of postoperative MACE. Results: A total of 10 308 (84.2%) patients underwent RC with incontinent urinary diversion (iUD), and 1938 (15.8%) underwent RC with continent urinary diversion (cUD). A total of 629 (5.1%) patients recorded a MACE, and on the multivariable-adjusted logistic regression, it was shown that MACE was significantly associated with increased age (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.024–1.046, p < 0.001), obesity (OR = 1.583, 95% CI: 1.266–1.978, p < 0.001), current smokers (OR = 1.386, 95% CI: 1.130–1.700, p = 0.002), congestive heart failure before surgery (OR = 1.991, 95% CI: 1.016–3.900; p = 0.045), hypertension (OR = 1.209, 95% CI: 1.016–1.453, p = 0.043), and increase the surgical time (per 10 min increase, OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003–1.017, p = 0.009). We also report that increased age, obesity, and patients undergoing cUD (OR = 1.368, 95% CI: 1.040–1.798; p = 0.025) are associated with thromboembolic events. Conclusion: By considering the preoperative characteristics of patients, including age, obesity, smoking, congestive heart failure, and hypertension status, urologists may be able to decrease the incidence of MACE in patients undergoing RC. Urologists should aim for lower operative times as this was associated with a decreased risk of thromboembolic events.