Symmetry in Explainable AI: A Morphometric Deep Learning Analysis for Skin Lesion Classification

Abstract

Deep learning has achieved remarkable performance in skin lesion classification, but its lack of interpretability often remains a critical barrier to clinical adoption. In this study, we investigate the spatial properties of saliency-based model explanations, focusing on symmetry and other morphometric features. We benchmark five deep learning architectures (ResNet-50, EfficientNetV2-S, ConvNeXt-Tiny, Swin-Tiny, and MaxViT-Tiny) on a nine-class skin lesion dataset from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) archive, generating saliency maps with Grad-CAM++ and LayerCAM. The best-performing model, Swin-Tiny, achieved an accuracy of 78.2% and a macro-F1 score of 71.2%. Our morphometric analysis reveals statistically significant differences in the explanation maps between correct and incorrect predictions. Notably, the transformer-based models exhibit highly significant differences ((Formula presented.)) in metrics related to attentional focus (Entropy and Gini), indicating that their correct predictions are associated with more concentrated saliency maps. In contrast, convolutional models show less consistent differences, and only at a standard significance level ((Formula presented.)). These findings suggest that the quantitative morphometric properties of saliency maps could serve as valuable indicators of predictive reliability in medical AI.