Development and Interethnic Validation of the Mindful Self-Care Scale, Version 2.0—Eight Mindful Self-Care Factors and Their Relationship to Present Moment-Centeredness

Abstract

Objectives: This study developed and interethnically validated the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS), revision (MSCS 2.0), by exploring the relationship between practiced mindfulness, assessed by the MSCS, and present-moment centeredness, measured by the Trait and State Mindful Awareness and Attention Scales (MAAS-T and MAAS-S). Method: In this cross-sectional survey using a self-report sample of 10,257 participants, an ethnically-balanced sample (n = 5,242) was generated. The representative sample included American Indian (n = 90), Asian (n = 1,199), African American (n = 1,049), Latino (n = 1,009), White (n = 1,198), and other (n = 697). Results: The eight-factor MSCS 2.0 met excellent fit criteria and showed strong relationships with Trait and State MAAS. Individually, each factor predicted present-moment centeredness. The bivariate correlations and structural relationships of the practiced mindfulness (MSCS) factors to state mindfulness was stronger than their relationships to trait mindfulness. Conclusions: The revised eight-factor MSCS provided increased validity and widened factor scope in an ethnically-balanced sample. Increased mindful self-care behaviors resulted in elevated present-moment centeredness. Supportive structure, mindful awareness, self-compassion, and mind–body practice were the strongest predictors of present-moment centeredness. The remaining mindful self-care factors were all indirect predictors. The practice of mindful self-care facilitates more present moment engagement, as an achieved state. Future research should examine the frequency of practice required to bring about more persistent change at the trait level.