Untangling Conflicts in Small-Scale Fisheries

Abstract

Conflicts are presumably pervading small-scale fishery (SSF) systems around the world due to the highly complex interactions taking place within them. To provide a deeper understanding of these conflicts and the resolution strategies in place, a literature review was conducted. Despite the unique and complex conflicts encountered, certain common patterns emerged across the studies in their drivers, stakeholders involved, intensity, responses and resolution strategies. In total, 194 publications documenting conflicts across 201 locations worldwide were analysed. Conflicts were reported both within SSF and between SSF and 13 other groups and activities, primarily with large-scale fisheries (LSF) and public authorities. Competition over resources and space, along with restrictions to fishing, were the most common drivers of conflict. These were occasionally associated with ethnics, political corruption and resentment among others. Violent responses were rather frequent, yet some cooperation strategies also emerged in the midst of tensions. Stakeholder engagement and new regulations were the most frequent strategies to de-escalate conflicts, although the efficacy of these approaches varied across locations. Although combinations of conflict resolution strategies were used in some instances, strategies were combined in no more than two or three at a time and in less than half of the de-escalated cases. This highlights a lack of multifaceted conflict resolution strategies.