Effect of Activation Parameters on Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon as Catalyst Support for Biodiesel from Discarded Beef Tallow

Abstract

In an effort to valorize agricultural byproducts and promote sustainable biofuel production, this study harnesses palm kernel shell residues from palm oil milling as a precursor for activated carbon synthesis. Employing phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the activating agent, this research investigated the effect of acid concentration (55%, 70%, and 85%), impregnation duration (4, 14, and 24 hours), and activation time (2.5 and 4 hours) on the yield and iodine adsorption eficacy of the produced activated carbon. The process involved carbonization at 400°C, followed by chemical activation at 450°C to optimize the structural properties of the activated carbon. The investigation of these parameters address the economic and environmental challenges associated with biodiesel production, providing a viable solution through the repurposing of waste biomass. The highest yield of 85.20% and highest iodine adsorption capacity of 3292.68 mg/g were obtained for the activated carbon prepared at acid concentration 70 %, impregnation time of 4 hours and activation time of 2.5 hours. FTIR spectroscopy highlighted the presence of functional groups pertinent to the biodiesel reaction process. BET analysis showed a substantial increase in surface area and pore volume, afirming the eficient activation process. The high-performance activated carbon was subsequently utilized as a catalyst support in the transesteriication of extracted beef tallow oil to produce biodiesel. The synthesized biodiesel exhibited favorable properties, underscoring the potential of this approach in integrating waste-to-energy strategies with the enhancement of biodiesel production processes.