Molecular pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and pharmaceutical research to develop a biomarker for AD diagnosis

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD. is the most common senile dementia. One of the pathological characteristics of AD is the appearance of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions. Aβ is generated by consecutive cleavages of Aβ precursor protein (APP. by β-and γ-secretases. The common pathogenesis for familial AD (FAD. is believed to involve misprocessing of APP by γ-secretase, resulting in increased Aβ42 peptide deposition. However, little is known about γ-secretase function in sporadic AD (SAD), which is the major type of AD. This may be because Aβ42 peptide has highly aggregative properties; therefore it is not easy to estimate the quantitative alteration of net Aβ42 in SAD patients. Alcadein is a family of neural type I membrane proteins. Processing of Alcadein by APP α- and γ-secretases results in secretion of non-aggregative peptide, p3-Alc, into CSF and blood. The C-terminuses of Ab and p3-Alc are altered by FAD-linked genetic mutations in catalytic components of γ-secretase, in association with an increase in minor Aβ and p3-Alc species. Thus p3-Alcs are expected to behave as useful indicators of γ-secretase dysfunction in SAD brain. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of p3-Alcs raise the possibility that γ-secretase dysfunction may exist even in the absence of genetic mutations. p3-Alc peptides may be a novel biomarker for AD and an indicator of γ-secretase dysfunction for drug development.