Echoes of Pregnancy: Maternal Perception of Phantom Fetal Movements After Childbirth

Abstract

Objective: Phantom fetal movements (PFMs) refer to the perception of fetal-like abdominal sensations following pregnancy. Despite their prevalence, PFMs remain insufficiently studied, and their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, characteristics and associated factors of PFMs in the general population. Design: Observational online study. Setting: General population in France. Population: Women with a history of childbirth. Methods: Study data were collected via a secure online REDCap survey, comprising closed-ended questions on sociodemographics, lifetime obstetrical history, detailed pregnancy experiences, fetal movement perception and postnatal PFMs. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were frequency, duration and subjective emotional experiences of PFMs. Additional variables included demographic characteristics, obstetric history and the characteristics of fetal movement perception during pregnancy. Results: A total of 4038 women and 6139 pregnancies were included. PFMs were reported by 40.5% of participants, occurring mainly during the 6 months after childbirth. Younger maternal age, number of pregnancies, caesarean delivery and post-partum complications were significantly associated with PFMs. Moreover, earlier fetal movements during pregnancy were linked to more frequent perceptions of PFM. Higher intensity and frequency of fetal movements during pregnancy were correlated with increased intensity and frequency of PFMs. Emotional responses to PFMs showed increased negative affect, with 19.8% describing them as uncomfortable. PFM occurrence was significantly associated with specific emotional responses to fetal movements during pregnancy. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for further research to explore the physiological underpinnings and potential clinical significance of PFMs. In addition, increased awareness among healthcare professionals is crucial for providing better support to affected women.