The Meal Type Rather than the Meal Sequence Affects the Meal Duration, Number of Chews, and Chewing Tempo

Abstract

Background/Aim: Obese individuals are often said to eat fast. Given that obese individuals are often reported to consume fast food more frequently, we hypothesized that fast food can be eaten more quickly. This study aimed to examine the effects of meal type on meal duration, considering meal sequence. Methods: Meal duration, number of chews and bites, and chewing tempo were measured among 41 participants (18 males, 23 females; average age, 41.1 years) using two meals: pizza (301 kcal) and hamburger steak bento (hamburger, rice and broccoli, 304 kcal; two eating sequences: vegetables first or last). Results: Compared with pizza, bento meals (vegetables first or last) were associated with longer meal durations (sec) (mean differences in pizza-bento (vegetable first): −182 [−245.6, −118.9], p < 0.0001; pizza-bento (vegetables last): −216.0 [−273.3, −158.7], p < 0.0001). In contrast, no differences in meal duration (sec) were observed regardless of the order of vegetable consumption (p = 0.14). These findings were consistent with the number of chews and chewing tempos across both sexes. The number of bites was similar among pizza, bento (vegetable fast), and bento (vegetable last). Meal duration was positively associated with the number of chews and bites and meal type and negatively associated with age and sex. BMI was not associated with meal duration. Conclusions: Meal type affected meal duration, the number of chews, and the chewing tempo, independent of meal sequence. To eat more slowly, it is important to pay attention to the meal type.