Infrared Irradiation-Assisted Solvent-Free Pd-Catalyzed (Hetero)aryl-aryl Coupling via C−H Bond Activation

Abstract

The increasing attention towards environmentally friendly synthetic protocols has boosted studies directed to the development of green and sustainable methods for direct C−H bond arylation of (hetero)arenes. In this context, here the infrared (IR) irradiation-assisted solvent-free Pd-catalyzed direct C−H bond arylation of (hetero)arenes was achieved. Several heteroaryl-aryl coupling reactions were described, also involving heterocycles commonly used as building blocks for the synthesis of organic semiconductors. The reaction tolerated many functional groups on the aromatic nuclei. The IR-irradiation as the energy source compared favorably with thermal heating and, in combination with solvent-free conditions, provided an important contribution to the development of protocols fitting with the principles of green chemistry.