Interactive Airfoil Optimization Using Parsec Parametrization and Adjoint Method

Abstract

Featured Application: The potential application of the work presented in this article lies in the preliminary airfoil and wing design and optimization. It is in this area that the strengths of this approach (negligible computation cost, robustness, …) can be maximally exploited while the weaknesses that hinder it can be minimized. The code is ready to use for engineering practice. In the development of interactive aerodynamic optimization tools, the need to reduce the computational complexity of flow calculations has arisen. Computational complexity can be reduced by estimating the flow variables using machine learning, but that approach has a number of hindrances. Avoiding these hindrances through lowering the computational complexity by stating the assumptions of inviscid incompressible potential flow is the focus of this article. The assumptions used restrict the applicability of this approach to only specific cases, but in engineering practice, these cases are quite widespread. The assumptions allowed the coupling of the adjoint method with parsec parametrization and the panel method, yielding a highly computationally efficient and robust tool for optimizing an airfoil’s lift coefficient ((Formula presented.)). The optimization of the NREL S809 airfoil was carried out, and the results were verified using the Xfoil 6.99 software. The Xfoil verification showed that by making minimal changes to the airfoil’s shape, the (Formula presented.) and lift-to-drag ratios were significantly improved. The improvement magnitude was over 94% for a 0 deg angle of attack (AoA) and over 16% for 6.2 deg AoA. This indicates an improvement in performance that is similar to that of some genetic algorithms, but with computational costs that are many orders of magnitude lower.