Revisiting fertility transition in China

Abstract

By reviewing the fertility transition in China, this paper discusses multiple drivers of fertility decline in the 1970s and 1990s, including the role of family planning policies at different stages of the transition. The improved status of women played a key role in the fertility transition of the 20th century, but work-family conflict and traditional gender roles have increased the cost of childbearing for women. These factors have contributed to both low fertility and postponement of childbearing in the 21st century. By learning from past experiences and understanding the more complex causes of low fertility today, response strategies should aim to benefit different groups across all stages of the life cycle and in all aspects of life.