Daunorubicin oral bioavailability enhancement by surface coated natural biodegradable macromolecule chitosan based polymeric nanoparticles

Abstract

Background: Daunorubicin hydrochloride (DAUN·HCl), due to low oral bioavailability poses the hindrance to be marketed as an oral formulation. Aim of the study: To develop a natural biodegradable macromolecule i.e. Chitosan (CS)–coated–DAUN–PLGA–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)–Nanoparticles (NPs) with an aim to improve oral-DAUN bioavailability and to develop as well as validate UHPLC–MS/MS (ESI/Q-TOF) method for plasma quantification and pharmacokinetic analysis (PK) of DAUN. Results: A particle size (198.3 ± 9.21 nm), drug content (47.06 ± 1.16 mg/mg) and zeta potential (11.3 ± 0.98 mV), consisting of smooth and spherical shape was observed for developed formulation. Cytotoxicity studies for CS–DAUN–PLGA–NPs revealed; a comparative superiority over free DAUN–S (i.v.) in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7) and a higher permeability i.e. 3.89 folds across rat ileum, as compared to DAUN–PLGA–NPs (p < 0.01) inhuman colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco–2). For PK, CS–DAUN–PLGA–NPs as compared to DAUN–S, exhibited a 10.0 fold higher bioavailability in Wister rat's plasma due to presence of a natural biodegradable macromolecule i.e. CS coated on the PLGA–NPs. With regard to bioanalytical method, easy as well as a rapid method for DAUN-plasma quantification was developed as; 2.75 min and 528.49/321.54 m/z for DAUN along with 1.94 min and 544.36/397.41 m/z for IS i.e. Doxorubicin, for elution time and transition, respectively. Conclusion: A novel natural biodegradable approach used in the preparation of CS coated DAUN–NPs for oral administration of DAUN is reported in this study which is can be utilized as an alternate for intravenous therapy.