Health Belief Model: Determinants of Hypertension Dietary and Medication: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension is a major global public health problem and a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney failure, with prevalence increasing with age. However, adherence to dietary recommendations and antihypertensive medication remains suboptimal, contributing to poor disease control. Method:  This study used a cross-sectional observational analytic design, which explains the relationship between variables through hypothesis testing. A total of 222 participants were recruited using a proportional cluster random sampling method. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis was employed to evaluate the measurement and structural models proposed by the HBM, as well as to identify the relationships between HBM variables.    Results: The results showed that the independent variables contributed 54.9% to diet and medication adherence behavior, and the model had a good fit. There was a significant relationship between perceived barriers and self-efficacy on diet and medication adherence behavior in patients with hypertension. Conclusion: Patients require guidance, support, and information from healthcare workers to understand the importance of adhering to medication prescriptions. Health care providers should realize that patients with hypertension should be educated on how to manage their disease.