A pilot randomized controlled trial of distress tolerance treatment for weight concern in smoking cessation among women

Abstract

Introduction: The majority of women who smoke cigarettes report that concern about weight gain is a barrier to quitting. We developed an intervention incorporating distress tolerance, appetite awareness, and mindful eating skills to target concerns about post-cessation weight gain and emotional eating (DT-W). In the current study, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of DT-W versus a smoking health education (HE) intervention. Methods: Participants (N = 69 adult female, weight-concerned smokers) were recruited in cohorts of 4-11. Cohorts were randomized to DT-W or HE. DT-W and HE were matched on format (single individual session followed by eight group sessions), inclusion of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation (CBT) content, and pharmacotherapy (nicotine patches). Follow-up assessments occurred at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-treatment. Results: The recruitment goal was met; 61 of the 69 participants attended at least one group session. There were no significant differences between DT-W and HE in the number of group sessions attended (DT-W adjusted M = 5.09, HE adjusted M = 5.03, p =. 92), ratings of treatment effectiveness or usefulness of skills, or retention at 6-month follow-up (79% in DT-W vs. 78% in HE) (ps >. 05), but comprehension ratings were lower in DT-W than in HE (p =. 02). Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that the study procedures and interventions were feasible and acceptable, but changes to the DT-W intervention content to improve comprehension should be considered prior to conducting a fully powered trial. Implications: A distress tolerance-based treatment targeting fear of weight gain after smoking cessation and post-cessation emotional eating was feasible and acceptable relative to a smoking HE comparison condition, but changes should be considered before conducting a larger trial. Continued innovation in treatment development for weight-concerned smokers is needed.