The African swine fever virus with MGF360 and MGF505 deleted reduces the apoptosis of porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the NF-ĸb signaling pathway and interleukin-1β

Abstract

African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses serious threats to the swine industry. The mortality rate of African swine fever (ASF) is 100%, and there is no effective vaccine currently available. Complex immune escape strategies of ASFV are crucial factors affecting immune prevention and vaccine development. CD2v and MGF360-505R genes have been implicated in the modulation of the immune response. The molecular mechanisms contributing to innate immunity are poorly understood. In this study, we discover the cytopathic effect and apoptosis of DCD2v/DMGF360-505RASFV after infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) was significantly less than wild-type ASFV. We demonstrated that CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV decrease the level of apoptosis by inhibiting the NF-ĸB signaling pathway and IL-1β mRNA transcription. Compared with wildtype ASFV infection, the levels of phospho-NF-ĸB p65 and p-IĸB protein decreased in CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV. Moreover, CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV induced less IL-1β production than wild-type ASFV and was attenuated in replication compared with wild-type ASFV. We further found that MGF360-12L, MGF360-13L, and MGF-505-2R suppress the promoter activity of NF-ĸB by reporter assays, and CD2v activates the NF-_B signaling pathway. These findings suggested that CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV could reduce the level of ASFV p30 and the apoptosis of PAMs by inhibiting the NF-_B signaling pathway and IL-1_ mRNA transcription, which might reveal a novel strategy for ASFV to maintain the replication of the virus in the host.