Checkpoint inhibitors: literature review of new treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Objective: To systematically review the ongoing progress of effective treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mainly focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) as monotherapy and combination therapy. Background: HCC in general has a poor prognosis; particularly in the advanced stage. For more than 10 years, the treatment with multikinase inhibitors was the first line treatment. Before the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors, very few treatments were available for patients with hepatocellular cancer in the advanced stage, especially in metastatic and unresectable disease. Methods: We performed an extensive search of the ongoing and published clinical trials in the English written literature concerning of HCC with immune checkpoint inhibition when compared to first line chemotherapy. Conclusions: The treatment paradigm for advanced stage HCC has significantly changed recently with the introduction of immunotherapy; based on existing research, there is new era for HCC treatment which will positively affect the outcome in a malignancy that did not see therapy advancement for more than a decade. Monoclonal antibodies against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab appear to be a promising therapeutic option in HCC. This review outlines immunotherapy that has been approved, and what inhibitors are under investigation for patients with advanced stage HCC.