Efavirenz: New Hope in Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Despite extensive research directed at preventive and treatment strategies, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. This necessitates the development of a new medication aimed at increasing patient survival and quality of life. A new drug's development from the ground up can cost billions of dollars and take up to ten or more years. Because much of the required safety and pharmacokinetic data are already available from earlier trials, repurposing medications usually results in lower costs and shorter turnaround times. Many antiretroviral medications target biological pathways and enzymes associated with cancer, which becomes an ideal option for repurposing as anticancer medications. Efavirenz is an antiretroviral medication that targets molecular pathways implicated in the growth of breast cancer, such as LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear elements-1) suppression, hence lowering the proliferation of breast cancer cells and exhibiting anti-cancer properties. Additionally, it suppresses the fatty acid synthase gene and other important genes related to fat metabolism, impairing mitochondrial activity and making cancer cells deprived of energy. Efavirenz also inhibits cancer-initiating stem cells, promotes differentiation, and prevents recurrence. Additionally, efavirenz promotes oxidative damage by the formation of superoxide in cancer cells. In addition to its anti-cancer properties, efavirenz has the advantage of being a well-established and relatively inexpensive medication with a favorable safety profile. If proven effective, efavirenz could offer a cost-effective therapeutic option, which is an intriguing direction that warrants further investigation.