Wild animals in captivity with special reference to carnivore health

Abstract

The aim of this study is to highlight the factors responsible for managing overall health of wild animals in captivity. To study the health management methods followed in various zoos and captivity in India information are collected by the following using two sources first is the direct observation which includes direct interaction with zoo staffs, and the second is through questionnaire. The other source came from literatures reviewed such as internet. The information are collected from the following zoos Mysore zoo-Nandhankanan Zoological Park and Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeelin. Results after gathering information from the two sources showed that with regards to the components of tiger management facilities were designed and built to house them. From the outset, the team of people designing the structure includes the architect, curators (animal, horticulture and education), veterinary staff, keepers and director. Problems in design and construction lead to unfavorable facilities that may promote health problems and behavioral problems, such as inactivity and/or pacing that can be prevented by forethought. Fences should be at least 5 m high and vertical except for the top 1m which should be turned into the exhibit at about a 45 angle. This fence should be constructed of heavy gauge steel with equally strong support posts and a concrete footing to prevent digging under the fence. Another way to prevent escape under the fence is to bury the fence at least 1 metre and angled toward the inside of the exhibit. Care should be taken to be sure that there are no large trees close to the perimeter fence that if climbed by tigers would allow any access to the top of the fence. Adult tigers are unlikely to climb any vertical trees, but young tigers may climb. Fence chargers and "hot wires" have no place in the containment of large cats. The only use of "hot wires" is to keep animals such as tigers away from some areas of the enclosure. Quarantine facility were provided, management practice were supervised by veterinarians ands zoo staff, excellent feeds were supplied and adequate based on studies which suggests that an adult tiger requires 10 kg meat comprising beef/chicken as an average. Fasting one day in a week is essential. An adult lion require 12 kg buffalo meat/day as an average, it may range from 10-15 kg. Kanpur zoo feeds lions and tigers with buffalo meat based on its requirement. Feed additives and supplements were also given. Other important nutrients were supplied in adequate quantity with balanced quality. All these nutrients are supplied to animals through feeds. Feed requirement varies based on body weight, physiological conditions and animal's involvement in various types work etc.