Bradycardia-induced heart failure with preserved ejection fraction successfully treated with empagliflozin and theophylline: A case report

Abstract

Background: The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin has recently gained approval for treating heart failure (HF) across the entire spectrum of ejection fractions including heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Bradycardia-induced HF, previously described in the literature as bradycardiomyopathy, is an uncommon cause of HFpEF. Case summary: Herein, we describe a case of a young, 32-year-old woman with no prior medical history who was referred to the hospital due to progressive fatigue and exercise intolerance. She exhibited junctional bradycardia and sinus node dysfunction on electrocardiographic examination, was hypotensive, and had significantly elevated NT-proBNP levels at admission. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination (TTE) revealed preserved systolic function of the left ventricle with segmental abnormalities of contractility and reduced global longitudinal strain, indicative of HFpEF. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed hypertrabeculations, suggesting noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM), even though the definitive diagnostic criteria for NCCM were not met. The patient reported no recent episodes of fever and no chest pain. A comprehensive panel for cardiotropic viruses and Lyme disease were negative while infiltrative diseases such as sarcoidosis were clinically ruled out. Coronary angiography excluded coronary artery disease. Due to profound hypotension and bradycardia, we prescribed empagliflozin and theophylline. At the subsequent follow-up visit within 1 month, the patient reported that she was asymptomatic, with restored sinus rhythm, and complete normalization of NT-proBNP values. Discussion: Bradycardia-induced HFpEF is a rare entity that can limit the use of most cardiovascular pharmacotherapies but can be successfully treated with empagliflozin and theophylline as demonstrated in our case.